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“I’m Into Survival”: The Complex Feminism of Wes Craven

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Until his death in August 2015, Wes Craven worked consistently as one of the horror genre’s most beloved and respected auteurs. While most filmmakers are lucky to have one seminal film, Craven is credited with reinventing horror on three separate occasions, defining the genre for the 70s, 80s, and 90s. Each of these landmark films showcases a timely and unique depiction of women, which when viewed in succession reveal Craven’s transforming representations of women as his career progressed. Somewhere between the geysers of blood and masked killers, Craven’s films became feminist.

First, Craven burst onto the scene with his debut 1972 film The Last House on the Left, which ushered in an era of unflinching violence and realism rather than the campy monster movies that dominated horror in the fifties and sixties. The film is a rape-revenge fantasy, in which two young women are brutally raped and murdered for over an hour of the film’s running time. Craven seems to be implying that the girls (the main character just turned 16) are being punished for their wild ways after approaching one of the criminals to buy drugs. The extended scenes of sexual violence and brutality against women, as well as the film’s focus on the criminals rather the victims, are undeniably disturbing. The film could be considered deeply misogynistic, especially when juxtaposing the scenes of depravity with instances of attempted comic relief and an upbeat pop soundtrack.

By the 1980s the grim slasher subgenre that Craven created was commonplace and over played. In response to this oversaturation and lack of creative energy, Craven offered up A Nightmare on Elm Street in 1984. This film introduced an altogether more metaphorical approach to horror that blurred the line between reality and fantasy. Although more allegorical and nuanced, Nightmare is just as much an examination of sexual violence as Last House. Nancy is targeted by a man who violates her mind while she is unconscious, lying in bed, and unable to fight back. She also refuses to sleep to avoid experiencing this trauma again, a common symptom of post traumatic stress experienced by rape survivors. Nightmare culminates with Nancy realizing her fear is what gives Freddy power and resolving to turn her back on him, illustrated the phenomenon of rapists and abusers becoming monsters in the minds of their victims. This time rather than a simple victim, Nancy reclaims her power, and Craven showcases her as a capable and fierce Final Girl.

Finally, by the 1990s the horror genre had once again become stagnant, as countless films featured capable yet bland Final Girls. In 1996, Craven took advantage of horror fans’ expectations with Scream. Final Girl Sidney is a worthy successor to Nancy, the ultimate heroine for third wave feminism. Once again, Craven allows sexual politics to take center stage, dismantling the long held “rule” that in order to survive the Final Girl must be a virgin. Scream flips the script here–Sidney not only loses her virginity, but she does so with her boyfriend who is soon after revealed to be the killer. Rather than condemn Sidney for expressing her sexuality, the film shows her as powerful, pragmatic, and willing to kill to ensure her survival. While the Final Girl has been hailed as a feminist heroine, Scream was the first major film to abandon the antiquated sexual politics of the archetype in favor of a modern, liberated female protagonist.  

Over the course of his career, Craven evolved, first depicting women as one-dimensional victims, and finally allowing his female characters to derive power from their ability to survive.

Editorials

‘A Haunted House’ and the Death of the Horror Spoof Movie

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Due to a complex series of anthropological mishaps, the Wayans Brothers are a huge deal in Brazil. Around these parts, White Chicks is considered a national treasure by a lot of people, so it stands to reason that Brazilian audiences would continue to accompany the Wayans’ comedic output long after North America had stopped taking them seriously as comedic titans.

This is the only reason why I originally watched Michael Tiddes and Marlon Wayans’ 2013 horror spoof A Haunted House – appropriately known as “Paranormal Inactivity” in South America – despite having abandoned this kind of movie shortly after the excellent Scary Movie 3. However, to my complete and utter amazement, I found myself mostly enjoying this unhinged parody of Found Footage films almost as much as the iconic spoofs that spear-headed the genre during the 2000s. And with Paramount having recently announced a reboot of the Scary Movie franchise, I think this is the perfect time to revisit the divisive humor of A Haunted House and maybe figure out why this kind of film hasn’t been popular in a long time.

Before we had memes and internet personalities to make fun of movie tropes for free on the internet, parody movies had been entertaining audiences with meta-humor since the very dawn of cinema. And since the genre attracted large audiences without the need for a serious budget, it made sense for studios to encourage parodies of their own productions – which is precisely what happened with Miramax when they commissioned a parody of the Scream franchise, the original Scary Movie.

The unprecedented success of the spoof (especially overseas) led to a series of sequels, spin-offs and rip-offs that came along throughout the 2000s. While some of these were still quite funny (I have a soft spot for 2008’s Superhero Movie), they ended up flooding the market much like the Guitar Hero games that plagued video game stores during that same timeframe.

You could really confuse someone by editing this scene into Paranormal Activity.

Of course, that didn’t stop Tiddes and Marlon Wayans from wanting to make another spoof meant to lampoon a sub-genre that had been mostly overlooked by the Scary Movie series – namely the second wave of Found Footage films inspired by Paranormal Activity. Wayans actually had an easier time than usual funding the picture due to the project’s Found Footage presentation, with the format allowing for a lower budget without compromising box office appeal.

In the finished film, we’re presented with supposedly real footage recovered from the home of Malcom Johnson (Wayans). The recordings themselves depict a series of unexplainable events that begin to plague his home when Kisha Davis (Essence Atkins) decides to move in, with the couple slowly realizing that the difficulties of a shared life are no match for demonic shenanigans.

In practice, this means that viewers are subjected to a series of familiar scares subverted by wacky hijinks, with the flick featuring everything from a humorous recreation of the iconic fan-camera from Paranormal Activity 3 to bizarre dance numbers replacing Katy’s late-night trances from Oren Peli’s original movie.

Your enjoyment of these antics will obviously depend on how accepting you are of Wayans’ patented brand of crass comedy. From advanced potty humor to some exaggerated racial commentary – including a clever moment where Malcom actually attempts to move out of the titular haunted house because he’s not white enough to deal with the haunting – it’s not all that surprising that the flick wound up with a 10% rating on Rotten Tomatoes despite making a killing at the box office.

However, while this isn’t my preferred kind of humor, I think the inherent limitations of Found Footage ended up curtailing the usual excesses present in this kind of parody, with the filmmakers being forced to focus on character-based comedy and a smaller scale story. This is why I mostly appreciate the love-hate rapport between Kisha and Malcom even if it wouldn’t translate to a healthy relationship in real life.

Of course, the jokes themselves can also be pretty entertaining on their own, with cartoony gags like the ghost getting high with the protagonists (complete with smoke-filled invisible lungs) and a series of silly The Exorcist homages towards the end of the movie. The major issue here is that these legitimately funny and genre-specific jokes are often accompanied by repetitive attempts at low-brow humor that you could find in any other cheap comedy.

Not a good idea.

Not only are some of these painfully drawn out “jokes” incredibly unfunny, but they can also be remarkably offensive in some cases. There are some pretty insensitive allusions to sexual assault here, as well as a collection of secondary characters defined by negative racial stereotypes (even though I chuckled heartily when the Latina maid was revealed to have been faking her poor English the entire time).

Cinephiles often claim that increasingly sloppy writing led to audiences giving up on spoof movies, but the fact is that many of the more beloved examples of the genre contain some of the same issues as later films like A Haunted House – it’s just that we as an audience have (mostly) grown up and are now demanding more from our comedy. However, this isn’t the case everywhere, as – much like the Elves from Lord of the Rings – spoof movies never really died, they simply diminished.

A Haunted House made so much money that they immediately started working on a second one that released the following year (to even worse reviews), and the same team would later collaborate once again on yet another spoof, 50 Shades of Black. This kind of film clearly still exists and still makes a lot of money (especially here in Brazil), they just don’t have the same cultural impact that they used to in a pre-social-media-humor world.

At the end of the day, A Haunted House is no comedic masterpiece, failing to live up to the laugh-out-loud thrills of films like Scary Movie 3, but it’s also not the trainwreck that most critics made it out to be back in 2013. Comedy is extremely subjective, and while the raunchy humor behind this flick definitely isn’t for everyone, I still think that this satirical romp is mostly harmless fun that might entertain Found Footage fans that don’t take themselves too seriously.

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