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Italian horror is known for its lush visual style, brutality, and its own, well-regarded sub-genre of horror called Gialli. Auteurs like Lucio Fulci, Dario Argento, Michele Soavi, and many more have staked a claim on the genre and left a lasting imprint. But Mario Bava, an essential Italian filmmaker that worked in all genres of film from the early ‘40s up until his death in 1980, is responsible not just for influencing Italian horror but modern horror as we know it today.

Beginning his film career as a cinematographer, a role that no doubt played into his stunning visual style, Bava would transition into directing horror films in the ‘50s, though uncredited, as well as work in special effects. But when he began to work under his own name starting in the ‘60s, everything changed. His opulent cinematography, inventive use of modest budgets, innovative storytelling and atmospheric style not only contributed to the birth of giallo and modern slashers, but played major influence on filmmakers that would further shape both horror and film itself. While there’s an extensive filmography of great Bava films worth seeing, here are the six most influential horror films that shaped the genre:


Black Sunday (1960)

Bava’s directorial debut, or at least the first in which he actually received credit, launched his career and that of lead star Barbara Steele’s. It was a huge success in terms of box office and critical reception, made more impressive considering its censorship for being very gruesome for its time. Opening with an inquisition that sees a witch sentenced to death by her own brother for her dark ways, she vows revenge in the form of a curse. 200 years later, she returns to possess her young descendent and enact her retribution. A tribute to black & white Gothic horror of the 1930s, Bava keeps it modern with the level of bleak violence, especially the opening scene featuring the iron maiden. The most well-known of Bava’s films, it’s played a major influence on films like Francis Ford Coppola’s Bram Stoker’s Dracula and Tim Burton’s Sleepy Hollow.


Black Sabbath (1963)

A horror anthology with a trio of tales introduced by iconic horror vet Boris Karloff, Black Sabbath was made with foreign financial backing with the intent of putting it in American theatres. The segments “The Telephone,” “The Wurdalak,” and “The Drop of Water,” spin tales of a stalked call girl, a vampiric creature terrorizing a family, and a nurse haunted by her stolen ring’s rightful owner. Be sure to seek out the Italian version, as the American edit cuts out more controversial plot elements and rearranges the segment order that places the best of the bunch first (“The Drop of Water”). The most obvious influence from Black Sabbath would be its name appropriation from Ozzy Osbourne’s heavy metal band, originally titled Earth before they saw the film in theatres. The film’s story structure played a vital role in the creation of Pulp Fiction, as well.


Blood and Black Lace (1964)

This bright Technicolor murder mystery is often cited as the origin of the giallo, or at least what brought it into prominence and served as the template of gialli that would follow. With a murder whodunit plot surrounding a killer decked in black that brutally dispatches fashion models, the saturated colors, vicious slayings, and even killer trademarks like black gloves would set the blueprint for films to come. It’s a film that had a notable influence on filmmakers like Martin Scorsese and Dario Argento.


Planet of the Vampires (1965)

The plot follows a group of astronauts responding to a distress call coming from a strange planet. Upon descent, the crew initially turns on each other and attack, but once that passes they begin to be hunted by a strange, unknown presence. Sounds like a 1979 horror sci-fi classic by Ridley Scott, doesn’t it? While writer Dan O’Bannon and director Ridley Scott have denied seeing Bava’s film during their creation of Alien, the resemblance can be uncanny. Bava fully embraced the pulpy nature of the narrative, making it feel like a brought to life sci-fi comic. The ideas introduced here seem to play a vital role in similar films besides Alien, like Pitch Black and Prometheus.


Kill, Baby…Kill! (1966)

A return to gothic horror, this highly regarded feature was centered on one of Bava’s favorite themes; fear. Following a village haunted by the ghost of a homicidal little girl, Bava’s use of saturated color keeps this gothic tale of ghosts and witchcraft feeling like a fevered dream. Exploring themes of distrust and a haunted past, this film also played a major influence on Bram Stoker’s Dracula, Argento’s Suspiria, and Scorcese’s The Last Temptation of Christ.


A Bay of Blood (1971)

Also known as Twitch of the Death Nerve, this giallo was also Bava’s most violent. When a wealthy woman is murdered by her husband, it triggers a series of murders where no one appears to be safe in the surrounding area. Bordering on dark comedy, it features a gory body count filled with beheadings, stabbings, and strangling. It is essentially the outline for modern slashers as we know it.  Between the one by one body pile up and the POV shots, this is the one Bava film that’s perhaps most obvious in its legacy. The giallo influence is clear, but more than that is its influence on Friday the 13th. Even a major death in Friday the 13th Part 2, in which a couple gets skewered mid-coital, seems borrowed from this Bava classic.

Horror journalist, RT Top Critic, and Critics Choice Association member. Has appeared on PBS series' Monstrum, served on the SXSW Midnighter shorts jury, and moderated horror panels for WonderCon, SeriesFest, and Popcorn Frights Film Fest.

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André Øvredal’s ‘Troll Hunter’ Remains One of the Best Found Footage Movies

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André Øvredal's Troll Hunter

In this day and age, the wordtrollis often used to describe various online nuisances. Yet as abundant and irksome as the modern troll can be, they aren’t usually as fearsome as their mythological counterparts. I’m not talking about the small and gentler versions that have become more common to see in media. No, there are much bigger and scarier trolls out there—and André Øvredal’s movie Troll Hunter is one of the best places to find them.

It doesn’t take long for Troll Hunter (or Trolljegeren) to dump the Blair Witch Project-esque setup and aim for something a lot fresher. The trajectory of the story is augmented by Otto Jespersen’s character Hans, the titular Troll Hunter. The second he comes barreling out of the deep, dark woods and shoutstrollat the camera, this movie takes a turn into what feels like uncharted territory. Not only subject-wise, but also conceptually.

For fantastical and made-up subject matter in cinema, found footage is a fast way to add a guise of believability. After all, what we accept to be the most crucial aspect of documentaries—the truth—rubs off on pseudo-documentaries, despite our understanding of the pretense involved. That is what Øvredal delivered with Troll Hunter: a movie so convincing that some viewers wondered if trolls really do exist. So, had this been straightforwardly made, it likely wouldn’t have been as effective. Conventional narratives would be more inclined to treat something like trolls as flat out unreal, and never try to convince the audience to think otherwise.

troll hunter

Hans petrifies the three-headed Tusseladd troll.

The viewers, like the characters trailing Hans, are quickly thrown into the deeper end of that extraordinary story. They have to process all this new information while staying on the go. So, although there is no significant amount of meandering, narratively or physically, there is still a good amount of atmosphere, not to mention tension building. It’s never anything frightful, but then again, Troll Hunter isn’t your standard offering of horror; it’s more on the low end of the dark fantasy spectrum. We aren’t ever spirited away to a faraway world—we stay in rather familiar surroundings, as well as dip into those less so. The outcome is a movie where you’re constantly more in awe than in terror.

As fantasy fiction might do, Troll Hunter prefers not to deal with incredulity. There is no time to waste on doubt, as interviewer Thomas (Glenn Erland Tosterud), soundperson Johanna (Johanna Mørck), and cameraman Kalle (Tomas Alf Larsen) all follow Hans around, recording whatever this character is willing to reveal about his bizarre job. Of course, the Troll Hunter himself is not an open book; in that respect, the diegetic documentary fails to fully capture and unpack the more interesting of its two subjects. Yes, all those giant, monstrous trolls are indeed incredible, but understandably, your mind wanders to their pursuer. What kind of person signs up for this gig and then chooses to stick with it for so long?

Reviews have called out Troll Hunter for its lack of character development. In regard to Thomas and his fellow documentarians, that criticism is valid, but bear in mind, they aren’t the focus of the story, either. Meanwhile, Hans is a well-crafted character. At least better than first realized. Before he was introduced, Hans had already grown tired of the troll grind. Fed up with that low compensation for his services, resentful of the bureaucracy, and wanting to expose his employer on a large scale, Hans’ discontent is glaring.

Then there are those finer details about the Troll Hunter, such as that indifference to both the natural splendor of his everyday surroundings and the affections of an obviously smitten colleague, that also suggest some level of despondency. So it is fair to say this movie doesn’t feature any sizable growth for its characters; however, the namesake isn’t underwritten. No doubt, putting a real-life character like Otto Jespersen in that role is partly why Hans is so fascinating—maybe even relatable.

Troll Hunter

Otto Jespersen as Hans the Troll Hunter.

There is always a small risk whenever using the termmockumentaryto describe a found-footage movie, as the word could imply humor where there is none. In the case of Troll Hunter, the term’s usage is appropriate. Some folks have claimed the English-dubbed version has the more comedic tone, however, the Norwegian cut isn’t exactly humorless. Apart from the trolls’ absurd appearances, this is a movie where the characters nearly choke on the monsters’ farts, and Christians are like walking targets. Hans’ complete apathy towards everything is another cause of laughter. Overall, the comedy is intentionally dry and inconsistent. Unfunny, though? Absolutely not.

In a movie where endemic creatures are maltreated, as well as disavowed from living freely and peacefully, it’s hard not to notice the ecological message buried beneath the story. In addition to that is the unmistakable political satire. There is this whole business about intrusive and unsightly power lines—like trolls, they’re big blemishes on the land—that leads to what is perhaps the movie’s funniest moment. The scene in question is that one where certain electric lines, the ones secretly being used to keep the trolls at bay, go in a loop and don’t actually send power to any residents. Yet the monitors of said lines don’t find this at all weird. So it stands to reason that Øvredal was having a go at those who accept the government’s doings without question.

Looking past the fact that trolls aren’t actually real, this movie is an enlightening source of information. And not just for international audiences; Norwegians, too, get schooled about their homeland’s own mythology. It’s also evident from everything on screen that Øvredal and his crew were enthusiastic about the topic. The creature designs are the most indicative of that zeal; those imaginative yet myth-accurate manifestations are equally amusing and grotesque. One second you’re laughing at their phallic noses, the next you’re white-knuckling during a hairy sequence. Most surprisingly is how well the trolls’ visual effects hold up after fifteen years. It’s not all spotless, but on the whole, they remain impressive.

Vouching for a mockumentary about trolls isn’t easy, but those who do come around and give it a shot will more than likely be grateful for the recommendation. For Troll Hunter is a real find in that vast and varied genre we callfound footage.

troll hunter

A bridge troll reaches up for food and finds Hans decked out in armor.

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